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Genetic control of follicular development and procreation of female gamete

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bovine Folliculogenesis Advances 

 

Does Twinner Cows have Enhanced Follicular Activity

 

            The answer is yes. The results of Echternkamp, S.E, 2000, in his paper entitled “Endocrinology of increased ovarian folliculogenesis in cattle selected for twin birth, published in J. Animal Science 2000, 77:1-20 show that twinner ovary has 2-fold greater density of secondary (preantral) follicles. The females who gave birth to twins had higher follicular activity and 70 % of them gave twin birth. The follicular dynamics reported at oestus was; small 5 mm follicles 50 % ; medium 6-12 mm. All cows with more than 50 % follicles measuring 6-12 mm had carried twins a review entitled “Morphological features and control of follicular growth during folliculogenesis in domestic ruminates,” has been published in CAB Abstracts. The author reviewing the status is from Brazil, Silva, J.R.V, Ferreira, M.AL Costa, S.H.F and Figueiredo J.R.de, from University Estadual do Ceara, faculty of Veterinary Brazil.

 

            The intraovarian growth factors, gonadotrophic and steriodogenic hormone effects on folliculogenesis in bovines have been reviewed.

 

            Similary Royal Veterinary College London reports nutritional and hormonal control of folliculogenesis. they  described various factors effecting procine folliculogenesis,nutritional regulation of folliculogenesis and ovulation in cattle.

 

            Folliculogenesis in cattle has been the focus of  various experiments of Wiltbank, et al. 2000 published in J. Amin Science 68:257-284.

 

1. Folliculogenesis as well as effects of dietary restrictions have been investigated. Webb, et al. 1999

 

            Many human antral folliculogenesis trails have been successfully utilized in bovine. Profound similarities have been found between human and bovine folliculogenesis (Baewald, 2009) The published work of Baewald, 2004 is cited.

 

            Peroxisome proliferators controls folliculogenesis. Clarke SD, 2000 refer published  review in reproduction in Ruminants. Review Reproduction 2000, 5:38-45.

 

            Folliculogenesis in small Ruminants has been described Wani (1984, 1996, 2008). A histological and ultrasonographic monitoring of folliculogenesis has been detailed in Czech entitled Sonography in Small Ruminants . Post-partum ewes show certain folliculogenesis waves similar to cow. A detailed review of follicular waves has been presented (Wani 1984) and reported (Wani et al. 1990)

 

II. Genetic Control of Folliculogenesis

 

          We have discussed in detail the formation of primodial follicle, its growth and differentiation into different forms. We have seen it encase oocyte and develops independent of hormone for some time. Genetic network involvement is postulated both in somatic cells and germ cell (oocyte) during primodial follicular growth or folliculogenesis. Mouse models have been studied which might five an insight into the mammalian model as a whole. Epifano and Dean, 2002. we may assess to this priced publication  or have a copy by requesting the authors at laboratory of Cellular and Development Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-8028 USA.

 

            Oocyte-follicle communication system has been discussed in preceding pages. Here, the transfer of these signal shall be discussed. The gap junction network as reviewed (Wani 2008) and many other (Fair. T, 2003) reveal advanced information on this signaling mechanism. Not only the information signals but also exchange of nutrients takes place through these gap junctions. Future cellular research may involve many investigators on the topic as postulated (Wani, 2008 a b c). The connexin family of proteins involved in the matrix of gap junction build up are responsible for this signaling behavior. Does they work like our Microsoft waves of mobile technology based on chip processing or some other unknown and more efficient mechanism exists. Once this complex mechanism or genetic make up is decode, we may have success in initiating follicular growth in aged women and animals and the truth of Isaac’s birth could be fortified with human known knowledge at the moment. As on today we know many molecular genetic factors commonly known as C-Kit receptors and its ligands, IGF-I, IGF-receptors, and IGF binding proteins play a role. The earlier role of various factors involved in ovine folliculogenesis have been hinted in our previous books (Wani 2008, 2007, 2009). The role of Transforming growth factors ? (TGF ?) family is of particular value and consideration. More detailed discussions can be viewed from the trestises of Fair, 2003 available on line under the heading Follicular oocyte growth and acquisition of development competence (Animal Reproduction Science, Volume 78, Issues 3-4, Pages 203-216 of the Year 2003 refers).

 

            The broader topic under ovarian follicular development unveils many intrinsic and extrinsic factors and modulators involved in these genetic transitions of simple on layer follicle to multilayered complex communication follicles. It is already known that many bone morphogenetic proteins play an important role in this transition process. Many structural rearrangements under the influence of these contributing factors leads to development of the oocyte. The details of oocyte activation and meiosis are now being maped at molecular level. We may see in future a new concept of auto controlling oocytes triggering growth and formation of offspring through nuclear rearrangements and restructuring available genes is coded formats. Thus, perhaps the birth of eve from the Adam could be explained in future, once we have complete insight into the molecular mapping, factors inducing or inhibiting genetic codes. The proper word could be masking gene units or DNA processes to be unmasked I do not know whether  some one would attempt to decode genetic message to make all its expressions open and transparent. The e-governance at cellular level is still un-coded. Many recent articles on oocyte development competence Fair. T, 2003 similarly, follicular dominance, follicle manipulations have been discussed in preceeding a following chapters. Many issues connected with follicular advancement could be highlighted as future research priorities in follicular research are;

 

a)      Primodial germ cell lineages, capacity and characteristics

b)      Somatic cell communication skills to direct germ cell to behave and vise-versa

c)      Transgenic Technique to decode hither to untapped information within tiny processors or units of cellular components like “Gap Junction”. The more precise molecular nutrition and genetic information transfer models more accurate envision. Perhaps electron microcopy, scan microscope have to go further to encampase diameter lese than microns and nano grams or nano milli meters. Perhaps psychic waves transmitted as biochemical information have be translated and graphified into hard copies for human eye.

d)      Bone-morphologenesis protein 7, inhibin and activin have already been known to be involved in genetic control of the easy follicular development. A new spectra of follicular endocrinology may be in offering, A lead has begin with published date in 1990. ( WWW. Bioone. Org refers in. Endocrinology 1990, 127;3196-3205 by Med line, CSA, BISCK, TA, Ling N etc.)

e)      The folliculogenesis arrest & oocyte development block at birth & switch on at puberty shall involve more investigations on gonadal endocrinology. More answer may be hidden in Metabolism, androgen receptors, inhibin, or the recent  discovery of easily postnatal methoxychor exposure inhabits folliculogenesis the earlier known fact on Bone morphogenetic factors will need further education.

f)        The concept proposed by Choi & Rajkovic, 2006, expressing evidence of germ cell clusters break down into primodial follicle. The mapping and presence of genes like Figla, Nobox Kit and NTr K2 in the germ cells & presence of FOX L2, Kiti and Ngf genes in surrounding somatic cells, will be the primary focal investigation. They may attract another reproductive Biology noble prize around 2050, when mammalian trans cription module perfected in Mice shall involve moiré studies& use in humans to cure infertility & in animal to enhance fertility. The wild animal & dicing species conservation shall have new face & application once there studies are completed. I may not be on earth to oversee this progress, but I am sure someone, somewhere shell peep in there page, which I write on April 28,2009 & remember me as one who paved a step for the climb of others critical genes blocking early folliculogenesis in mammals represent candidate gene of future to cure human ovaries failure during infertility or at Menopause.

g)      Puberty triggering reproductive activity associated with endo crime functions needs a review and modern concept of follicular endocrinology need stress. Perhaps many books and chapters shall be forth coming on ovarian development in mammals. A comparative analytic models need wide circulation after research.

h)      In humans, even and cows even antral follicles have been reported at birth of the female cow. In contrast, in rats mice & Pigs no such antral follicles at birth have been reported. This indicates a different pattern of growth in high mammals & human should we in future stress on Biomed-vet research, where mice, rabbit, guinee pig models be changed to ovine, bovine or other test models. Endorinological models could this benefit food production & safety directly beside human animal fertility cure & basic understanding.

 

Prepuberal endocrine control in mammals shall be the focus of research in future. The GMRH role model may be replaced with new set of releasing factor already talked new. Have we gone hypophysical control mechanism an intrinsic cell endocrine receptor synthetic modals may be the  focus of research in future

 

Makarevich, A,

Sirtkin, A,

Chrenek, P

Bulla, J and

Hetenyi, L 2000

 

            The role of IGF-I, CAMP / Protein kinase A and MAP-Kinase in the control of steroid, cycle nucleotide production, granulosa cell proliferationand preimplantation embryo development in Rabbits.

 

            Journal  steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 73:123-133

Mao, J. Smith, JF, Ruker, EB, Wani, G.M, Mc ? Cauley, T.C, Cantly, T.C, Parther, R,S Didion, B.A, Day, B.N. (2004)

 

            Effect of epidermal growth factor and insuline-like-growth factor I on antrum formation and stimulation of Granulosa cell proliferation and suppressions in vitro. Journal Animal Science 82 (7): 1967-1975.

 

            The hormones, photoperiods and mery other factors effect reproductive endocrinology in mammals. Precise control of reproductive cycle and their comparative review has been reported. Michael Conn and Melmed, 1997 and Choi, 2006.

 

            The role of IGF and II referred in preceding pages are linked to FSH action during folliculogenesis. Manget (2000). Aging females may be stimulated for foliculogenesis using combination of IGI inhibin, activin and follistatin Trouson and Gardner, 1999 and Erickson et al, 1990.

 

            Insulin like growth factors effecting folliculogenesis and a new concept of exocrine and endocrine control of follicular development in mammals are repotted. www.endocrine.abstracxts.org (Ref. Kate, H 2007)

 

Doerksen, T. Benoit, G and Trasler, J.M. 2000

Deoxyribonucleic acid hypomethylation of male germ cells by mitotic and meiotic exposure to 5-azacytidine is associated with altered testicular histology . endocrinology 141 (9) :3235-3244

 

EL-Mestrah, M; Castlem PE; Borossa, G; Kan, F.W.K. 2002 subcellular distribution of ZPI, ZP2 and ZP3 glycoproteins during folliculogenesis and demonstration of their topographical dispositio9n within the Zona matrix of mouse ovarian oocyte. Biology of Reproduction 66(4):866-876

 

Trounson, A, Gardner, D.K 1999, Handbook of invitro fertilization www.google.co.in

Erickson, G.F; Kokka, S Rivier, C, 1990

 

Activin, inhibin regulation of rat ovarian folliculogenesis Endocrinology 127:3196-3285

 

Fair,T. 2003

 

            Follicular oocyte growth and acquisition of development competence. Animal Reproduction Science 78 (3/4):203-216

 

Johson, A.L, Solvieva, E.V and Bridgham, J.K 2002 relationship between steriodogenic acture regulatory proteins expression and progesterone production in hen granulosa cells during follicle development biology of reproduction 67 (4)( : 1313-1320

 

Fair, T 2003

Follicular oocyte growth and acquisition of development competence Animal Reproduction  Science 127:3196-3205

 

Johson, Al, Solovieva, E.V and Bridgham, J.K, 2002 Relationship between steriodogenic acute regulator proteins expression and progesterone production hen granulosa cells durin follicle development. Biology of Reproduction 67 (4):1313-1320

 

 

Fair, T 2003

Follicular oocyte growth and acquisition of development competence.

Animal Reproduction Science 78 (3-4) :203-216

 

P. Michael, Conn and Shlomo Melmed 1997 Endocrinology Basic and Clinical Practice 448 books.google.co.in

 

Choi Y, 2006

Review of genetic of folliculogenesis 136:4681-4

 

Manget, P 2000

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

linkinghus.elsevier.com

About the Author

author Porf ghulam mOHYUDDIN WANI is a popular author with BVSCAND AH ,MVSC (vog),ARS,Ph.D,Dr.Med.Vet Germany,Fn daad,issgapu.He has been a scientist of animal reproduction at INDIAN VET RES INSTITUTE,CIRG CERTARL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON GOATS,veterinary university,Hannover,SK UNIVERSITY OF AGRIC SC VET FAC  and nonourSRINAGAR,DIRECTOR OF EXTENSION EDUCATION AND STATE AGRIS MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE AND PATRON FOUNDATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.He has many awards and honours to his credit.His students are leading scientists i the world having done excellent research.Some where in news for cloning camels and others have retrieved life after daeth and some have published new inventions on fetal life for the first time in world under his close supervision.He 200 national and international publications.His scientific calibre is appreciated as peer reviewer of international and national journals and was editor of indian Jounral of aniaml reproduction for the term 2006-2009.His books on biotechnology,laproscopy,ultrasounds and mammalian reproduction are very popular with students in india.He is the lead speaker of national and international conferrences on reproduction,envirnment and food security,