Fratelli Toso
Posted in Art Glass on 03/29/2010 08:55 pm by adminFratelli Toso
History Of Murano Glass
The origins of glassmaking in Venice go back to the times of the Roman Empire when molded glass was used for illumination in bathhouses. Blending Roman experience with the skills learned from the Byzantine Empire and trade with the Orient, Venice emerged as a prominent glass-manufacturing center as early as the 8th century. One of the earliest furnaces for glass on a Venetian island, dating from the 8th century, was discovered by archaeologists in 1960.
By the late 1200s, the production of glass objects of the finest quality was the city’s major industry as confirmed by the establishment of the Glassmakers Guild that laid out rules and regulations for the craftsmen. The purpose of the guild was to safeguard the secrets of the trade and ensure the profitability of the industry. In line with these objectives, a 1271 law prohibited the importation of foreign glass or the employment of foreign glassworkers.
An even more radical law was passed in 1291 that laid the ground for the establishment of Murano as a premier glass-manufacturing center. This law required that all furnaces used for glassmaking be moved from Venice to Murano to avoid the risk of fire from the furnaces spreading onto the largely wooden structures of overpopulated Venice. Many historians agree that the true motive for this law was to isolate the glass craftsmen to a location where they wouldn’t be able to disclose trade secrets. A subsequent law passed in 1295 forbidding the glassmakers from leaving the city confirms this theory.
Artisans working in the glass trade were well rewarded for their efforts. They had a privileged social status, and their daughters were allowed to marry into the wealthiest and noblest of Venetian families. By applying this clever approach, Venetian government ensured that the glassmakers encouraged their offspring to carry on the trade, and that trade secrets stayed in the families and fueled creative processes leading to innovation and further success. This, along with Venice’s convenient location at the crossroads of trade between East and West, gave Venice monopoly power in manufacturing and selling quality glass throughout Europe that lasted for centuries.
15th and 16th Centuries and the Full Bloom of Glass Making
Venetian Glass reached the peak of its popularity in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 15th century, master Angelo Barovier discovered the process for producing clear glass - (cristallo) - that allowed Murano glassmakers to become the only producers of mirrors in Europe. In addition, the popularity of Chinese porcelain among European nobility fueled discovery and production of the white glass mimicking porcelain (lattimo).
Other types of glassmaking techniques became popular such as enamelling and gilding glass, which originated in the Middle East, filigrana glass which is made using glass rods with inner threads of white, golden or colored glass that are twisted or intersecting, and ice glass which appears finely crackled. Variety of shapes and colors increased, and glassware became more sophisticated though the beauty was still viewed as the simplicity of shapes and ornaments.
17th Century and the Slow Decline of Venetian Glass
Starting from the 17th century, Murano glass entered the period of gradual decline. As Venetian power grip on trade routes and its importance as a major center of commerce began to vanish, so did its monopoly power in glassmaking. New centers of the craft emerged in Bohemia, England, and France. Yet 17th century still saw innovation in Murano glass as new techniques continued to emerge driven by strong baroque trends that spread through European architecture, painting, interior decoration, and other art and craft forms.
Brightly colored, intricate glass decorations with floral and animal motives became popular. New glass techniques included avventurina (metal flecks embedded in glass for a sparkly look) and calcedonio (illusion of semiprecious stones), raised decorations on glass, and millefiori beads. These new techniques were so successful that even royal courts ordered glassware from Murano artisans. One example is King Frederick IV of Denmark who in early 17th century purchased a glass collection that is currently on display at the Rosenborg Palace in Copenhagen.
18th and19th Centuries - The Fall and the Rise
In the 18th century, the decline continued and was aggravated by worsening political climate and increased competition from the glassmakers in Bohemia and France. Some new techniques were introduced, such as engraving on glassware and mirrors, but they did not make visible impact. The industry shrunk drastically with Napoleon’s conquest of Venice in 1797 and his abolishment of all of Venice’s guilds, including the Glassmakers.
In 1814, the transfer of Venice from France to the Habsburg Empire spelled the ultimate death sentence to Murano glassmaking as Habsburg rulers preferred their native glassmaking center in Bohemia and passed laws making it prohibitively expensive to bring necessary raw materials into Murano and export the final product. As a result, almost half of the 24 furnaces that existed in Murano in 1800 shut down by 1820, and only 5 furnaces continued to produce Blown Glass. However, against all odds, the industry didn’t die completely ? it was kept alive by the artisans’ personal dedication to their centuries-old craft and their father’s hard work that once made Murano glass world famous.
The breakthrough came in 1854 when six Toso Brothers opened the firm Fratelli Toso that initially produced household glass items and window panes but then switched to reviving forgotten techniques of the past. Five years later, Antonio Salviati came to Venice from Vicenza where he practiced law to open a factory dedicated to production of traditional Murano glass. He saw an opportunity to revive the craft by producing tiles that could be used to restore old Venetian mosaics, and he hired the best Murano masters to work in his factory. One of his glassblowers, Lorenzo Radi, spent much time during Austrian rule rediscovering the old methods and techniques that were used to create old Venetian mosaics.
Salviati’s plan worked, and Venetian authorities soon signed a fifteen-year contract with his firm for restoration of the mosaics in St.Mark’s basilica. At around the same time, in 1861, Venice mayor Antonio Colleoni and abbot Vincenzo Zanetti decided to compile an archive dedicated to the history of Venice containing not only various writings but also objects of art produced in the city. Gathering of the objects for the archive caused renewed interest in Venice’s history, its past glory, and its famous crafts including glassmaking. This in turn prompted officials to set up a school for glassmakers where they were able to learn again the forgotten techniques and secrets of the craft.
The culminating event in reviving Murano glassblowing was the exhibition set up by the Archive in 1864 to display all the recent glass works and reignite competitive spirit among the craftsmen. On the heels of that exhibition were other international shows, such as the highly successful Universal Exposition in Paris in 1867 where Salviati exhibited over 500 works made by his firm and received international acclaim and multiple medals. This success and publicity led to complete revival of Murano, which once again became a booming economic center, employing 3,500 people by 1869, and a famous destination.
20th Century - New Identity and the Art of Murano Glass
In the beginning of the 20th century, the master glassmakers of Murano were still enamored with reproducing classical styles and rediscovering ancient techniques, which was evident at Murano and Venice Exhibition of Choice Glass and Glass Objects staged in 1895 inside Murano City Hall. The rules of the exhibition dictated that the works showcased be reproductions of antique glassware. This important event was well attended by international collectors and glass admirers who greatly appreciated the works rooted in unique Murano tradition.
The best works of Murano artists were on display; many were a product of an important glassmaking technique called Murrino (mosaic), which was rediscovered at the end of the 19th century by Vittorio Zuffi while working for Fratelli Toso. This technique originally emerged in the 16th century in an effort to imitate ancient Roman vases. Murano’s famous firm Artisti Barovier received the Honorary Diploma and the Gold Medal. Other artists enjoying popularity in Murano at the time were Salviati, Testolini, and The Toso Brothers (Fratelli Toso).
The year 1895 was also the time of the first Venice Biennial exhibition where new works of art in avant-garde and Art Nouveau styles were showcased. This highlighted the gap between the modern trends gaining strength in Europe at the time and the works of Murano artisans who were deeply attached to the styles and methods of the past. This gap became even more obvious at the Universal Exposition in Paris in 1900, followed by Expositions of Decorative Arts in Turin in 1902 and Milan in 1906. Some Murano artisans, like Vittorio Toso Borella, became receptive to the new winds blowing on the art scene and started to produce works in art nouveaustyle. Though he originally got mixed reviews for the works he exhibited at Ca’ Pesaro in 1909, Vittorio went on to produce masterpieces that later became universally appreciated. Ca’ Pesaro, unlike Venice Biennial, became an exhibition embracing new artistic trends and showcasing many works in art vouveau style by young artists such as Gino Rossi, Arturo Martini, and Guido Marussig. One of the artists, Vittorio Zecchin, collaborated extensively with Artisti Barovier to create designs for their famous glassware.
In the 1920s, art nouveau slowly got replaced by more modern styles with simpler, cleaner, and more functional designs. Art Deco took the center stage and with it came less decorated objects with softer lines and more focus on glassware as part of interior design, not a piece of art in and of itself. A new company, Vetri Soffiati Muranesi Capellin Venini, founded in 1921 under Vittorio Zecchin as its head designer became the champion of this style.
A little later, in the late 1920s to early 1930s, another important trend arose in Murano led by Maestri Vetrai Muranesi Capellin & Co. and Vetreria Artistica Barovier. The trend was glass animals, which remain popular even today. Other important innovations championed in 1930s and continued in early 1940s were production of glass statues of female nudes and classical figures of boxers and gods, engraving on glass, modern lighting fixtures, perfectly proportioned transparent glass tableware, and the invention of vetro sommerso ? a technique allowing to produce thick glassware with one color on the outside and another on the inside.
During World War II the industry did not thrive, but as soon as the war was over the glass masters of Murano returned to their art and created pieces deeply rooted in interior design trends of that time with focus on minimalism, functionality, and simplicity. To support these trends Murano artists and artisans returned to techniques of the past such as filigree, murrino, and lattimo. From that point onwards Murano saw continued exploration of styles and techniques striving to find a happy medium between the technical mastery and the outline, color, and decoration.
The resulting continuous innovation led to a rise in popularity and to multiple prizes at various international art exhibitions. Thanks to such prominent artists as Archimede Seguso, Ludovico and Laura De Santillana, Tobia Scarpa, Ercole Barovier, Fulvio Bianconi, Toni Zuccheri, Romano Chrivi, Giampaolo Martinuzzi, and Alfredo Barbini, Murano again became known as the glassblowing capital of the world. Murano now created the art trends as opposed to following them in the years past.
About the Author
Hand-crafted Murano Glass Jewelry and artwork imported directly from Venice, Italy. We offer Murano Glass jewelry, accessories, vases, pendants, necklaces, rings, Art Glass, chandeliers and much more. Visit http://www.glassofvenice.com
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Fratelli Toso Italian Glass 1854-1980
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DescriptionOf all the leading Muranese glass factories, Fratelli Toso was among the most versatile and productive, but the least well-known. Where Venini, Barovier & Toso, Aureliano Toso, Archimede Seguso, Salviati, Cenedese, Barbini, and others designed, produced, and marketed fabulous glass, Fratelli Toso focused on design and production... |
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Fratelli $15.59 No Synopsis Available |
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Fratelli A Novel $15.59 No Synopsis Available |
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Luca Toso by Kjeld, Pollux Variste [Paperback] $65.33 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Luca Toso (born 15 February 1964 in Tavagnacco, Udine) is a retired Italian high jumper. He finished tenth at the 1983 World Championships and the 1985 World Indoor Games, thirteenth at the 1988 Olympic Games and ninth at the 1990 European Championships. At the Mediterranean Games he won silver medals in 1987 and 1991. He also competed at the 1987 World Championships without reaching the final. His personal best jump is 2.32 metres, achieved in July 1988 in Turin. This was the Italian record until September 1989, when Marcello Benvenuti broke it by one centimetre. Author: Kjeld, Pollux Variste Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 52 Publication Date: 2011/06/26 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.12 inches |
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Fratelli Rossetti - 10705 29201 (Black) - Footwear $329.99 6pm.com is proud to offer the Fratelli Rossetti - 10705 29201 (Black) - Footwear: Grace yourself with strength of character. Exercise exciting elegance wearing this Fratelli Rossetti™ oxford. ; Cap toe. ; Lace closure. ; Tonal stitching. ; Leather lining. ; Leather insole. ; Leather outsole. ; Made in Italy. ; Weight: 1 lb 1 oz ; Product measurements were taken using size UK 9 (US 10). Please note that measurements may vary by size. |
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The Goonies Fratelli's Hideout From The Wb Photo Collection from Warner Bros. $129.95 Full shot of Jeff Cohen as Chunk, Corey Feldman as Mouth, Ke Huy Quan as Data, and Sean Astin as Mikey, with Fratelli's hideout in background. |
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Ricorso Fratelli Bottalico (1890) $36.99 Author: Mirenghi, Alfonso/ Bottalico, Andrea/ Bottalico, Luigi Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 62 Publication Date: 2010/09/10 Language: Italian Dimensions: 7.01 x 10.00 x 0.25 inches |
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Fratelli Minori by Rosselli, Amelia [Paperback] $25.29 This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. Author: Rosselli, Amelia Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 128 Publication Date: 2011/08/28 Language: Italian Dimensions: 9.69 x 7.44 x 0.27 inches |
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Jon Fratelli - Psycho Jukebox (Import) $49.48 PSYCHO JUKEBOX |
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Alessi Blow Up Umbrella Stand by Fratelli Campana $286 Collection is enhanced by the new model belonging to the "Blow Up" line, the well known family of objects by the Campana Brothers in production since 2004 the novelty freshness and poetry of this aesthetic-constructive approach have made "Blow Up" a phenomenon that, despite the quick flood of imitations, continues to be the top seller on the international markets. Stainless steel chrome-plated. Approximate size: H.19.75" X D.13" Size/Dimensions: Not Available Type: Home Accents Color/Finish: Silver ColorMapping: Silver |
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Storia Dei Fratelli Bandiera E Consorti (1863) $51.96 Author: Ricciardi, Giuseppe Napoloene/ Lattari, Francesco Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 402 Publication Date: 2010/09/10 Language: Italian Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 1.06 inches |
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Eroi Sconosciuti: Fratelli Archibugi, 18481849 (1893) $40.31 Author: Silvagni, David Binding Type: Hardcover Publication Date: 2010/09/10 Language: Italian Dimensions: 9.00 x 6.00 x 0.50 inches |
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Lettere Inedite Dei Fratelli Bandiera (1894) $37.82 Author: Guardione, Francesco Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 80 Publication Date: 2010/09/10 Language: Italian Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.31 inches |
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Gli Duoi Fratelli Rivali = the Two Rival Brothers $43.88 No Synopsis Available |
Large Fratelli Toso bowl with copper aventurine and feathere